重点讲解：
1. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;
例句：In other words, we had better take sufficient recreation to relax after work.
换句话说，我们最好工作后，消遣消遣来轻松一下 。
2. break up (使)分裂;(被)拆分;(使)破碎;
例句：Police tried to break up the gang.
警察试图瓦解黑帮 。
3. instead of 代替…;而不是…;
例句：He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.
他选择当兵而不是上大学 。
4. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励;激励;
例句：If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.
万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一次 。
托福听力练习：最古老靛蓝染料
Many people remember the colors of the rainbow by the acronym ROY G. BIV. For red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Well, the color indigo just made news.
Indigo gets its name from the plant Indigofera tinctoria and its relatives, which supply the dye that makes fabric the rich, beautiful color between blue and violet.
Indigo dye was used around the ancient world in fabrics created from Egypt to China to Meso and South America. And it's in South America that researchers recently found the oldest known example of fabrics dyed with indigo.
The artifacts were discovered at Huaca Prieta, a ceremonial mound on the coast in northern Peru. But their color was initially hidden by the grey tones that had leached into them from the materials used in the mound itself. But when a conservator carefully washed the fabric, the true colors reappeared.
"And it was at that point that I realized we probably had indigo and it was probably the world's oldest indigo."
Jeffrey Splitstoser, an anthropologist at George Washington University.
"Which was really exciting. I hadn't thought I'd be discovering, or we would be discovering, the world's oldest indigo, when I took on this project."
The research is in the journal Science Advances.
The dyed fabric is about 6,000 years old.
"In the Middle East there are inscriptions that discuss blue fabrics that date to about 3100 B.C. These are just texts though. And so we think they're referring probably to the earliest Old World indigo-blue dyed textiles. So that would date to about 5,000 years ago, 3100 B.C. And so these are at least 1,000 years older than that. And the earliest known indigo blue textiles were from Egypt and they date to around 4400 B.P., before present. So these are almost 2,000 years older than those."
Splitstoser says that the discovery means it's likely that the techniques to dye fabric blue were developed in the Americas before they were developed in Egypt.
"It really means that we have to look at the ancient Andes as one of the earliest sources of textile innovations in the world."
许多人记得彩虹的颜色按照首字母排列为ROYGBIV 。这些首字母分别代表红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫 。而靛色最近有了新的消息 。
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