So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.
Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.
托福听力历史话题关键要素：话题特点和任务
在时间要素之后出现的就是要素四：话题的特点以及时有时无的要素五：人物 ， 一般这两点都是融合在一起的 。
Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.
此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改 ， 使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” ， 减少了声音失真的状况 。
尤其要注意 ， 如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候 ， 一定要警觉起来 ， 区分清楚哪个特点 ， 属于哪个人物 ， 这通常都是要出难题的前兆 。
托福听力：突破三大障碍得高分
一词汇障碍
在托福考试的各个项目中 ， 词汇掌握的越扎实 ， 备考之路也就是越通畅 。同样 ， 在托福听力的考试中 ， 场景类的材料占有很大的比重 ， 其中涉及到很多有关场景类的词汇 。而正因为这样 ， 熟练的识别、拼写出场景词汇 ， 成了能否取得高分的重要因素 。所以 ， 在托福听力备考过程中 ， 整理好一些常用的场景词汇 ， 对于听力的备考是会带来很大帮助的 。而特别是一些难度却较大的场景 。比如 pass the exam with flying colors 意为以优异成绩通过考试 ， 就不能仅仅词汇表面上含义加以简单的理解 。
二速度障碍
对于初入托福听力的备考学生来说 ， “听力速度跟不上”几乎是所有人都会遇到的一个问题 。而要解决这样的问题 ， 其实也并没有其他什么特别的技巧 ， 练习就是一的方法了 。建议大家可以在每天早晨听一些跟考试难易程度比较接近的练习题 ， 甚至进行一定的跟读 ， 使耳朵在考试前就热身起来 。这样长时间的坚持会让自己的耳朵在听力考试的时间段内很快进入状态
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